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textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2 [2025-04-24 13:09]
Merja Herzig 		textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2 [2025-05-07 15:08] (current)
Merja Herzig
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 Figure II.1. Potential diagram of an atomic nucleus. Figure II.1. Potential diagram of an atomic nucleus.
 {{anchor:nuclear_force}} {{anchor:nuclear_force}}
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 In the [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#nucleus|nucleus]] the force that binds the protons and neutrons is the nuclear force that is far stronger force than any other known force (gravitation, electric, electromagnetic and weak interaction forces). The range of the nuclear force is very short; the space where it acts is approximately same as the volume of the nucleus. The nuclear force is charge-independent, so the $n-n$, $p-p$ and $n-p$ attraction forces are of same strengths, and short range means that [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#nucleon|nucleons]] sense only their nearest neighbors. Figure II.1. shows the ''potential diagram'' of a nucleus, i.e. the potential energy as a function of the radius of the nucleus. In the figure, the range of nuclear force can be seen as potential well outside of which there is a positive electric layer, potential wall, due to positive charges of protons in the nucleus. Any positively charged particles entering the nucleus have to surpass or pass this potential wall. For a [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#neutron|neutron]], with no charge, it is easier to enter the nucleus since it does sense the potential wall. In the [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#nucleus|nucleus]] the force that binds the protons and neutrons is the nuclear force that is far stronger force than any other known force (gravitation, electric, electromagnetic and weak interaction forces). The range of the nuclear force is very short; the space where it acts is approximately same as the volume of the nucleus. The nuclear force is charge-independent, so the $n-n$, $p-p$ and $n-p$ attraction forces are of same strengths, and short range means that [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#nucleon|nucleons]] sense only their nearest neighbors. Figure II.1. shows the ''potential diagram'' of a nucleus, i.e. the potential energy as a function of the radius of the nucleus. In the figure, the range of nuclear force can be seen as potential well outside of which there is a positive electric layer, potential wall, due to positive charges of protons in the nucleus. Any positively charged particles entering the nucleus have to surpass or pass this potential wall. For a [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#neutron|neutron]], with no charge, it is easier to enter the nucleus since it does sense the potential wall.
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 {{anchor:electron}}  {{anchor:electron}} 
 ===== 2.2. Electrons ===== ===== 2.2. Electrons =====
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-{{ :playground:part_of_nuclide_chart_fig_2_3.png?200|}} A graphical presentation, where all [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#nuclide|nuclides]] are presented with [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#neutron|neutron]] number as x-axis and [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#proton|proton]] number as y-axis (or the other way round), is called a //nuclide chart// (Figure I.3.). Stable nuclides in the middle part are often marked with black color. The radioactive nuclides are located on both sides of the stable nuclides, neutron rich on right side and proton-rich on the left. In this kind of presentation, the elements are listed on vertical direction while the [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#isotope|isotopes]] for each element are on horizontal lines. The [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#isobar|isobars]], in turn, can be seen as diagonals of the chart. For each nuclide, some important nuclear information, such as half-life, is given in the boxes. More detailed nuclear information can be found in nuclide databases, some of which are freely available in the internet, such as http://ie.lbl.gov/toi/.+A graphical presentation, where all [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#nuclide|nuclides]] are presented with [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#neutron|neutron]] number as x-axis and [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#proton|proton]] number as y-axis (or the other way round), is called a //nuclide chart// (Figure I.3.). Stable nuclides in the middle part are often marked with black color. The radioactive nuclides are located on both sides of the stable nuclides, neutron rich on right side and proton-rich on the left. In this kind of presentation, the elements are listed on vertical direction while the [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#isotope|isotopes]] for each element are on horizontal lines. The [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#isobar|isobars]], in turn, can be seen as diagonals of the chart. For each nuclide, some important nuclear information, such as half-life, is given in the boxes. More detailed nuclear information can be found in nuclide databases, some of which are freely available in the internet, such as http://ie.lbl.gov/toi/.
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 +{{:textbook:nrctextbook:part_of_nuclide_chart_fig_2_3n.png?600|}} 
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-Figure II.3. Part of a nuclide chart.+Figure II.3. Part of a nuclide chart. ([[https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/54195/Untitled.png?revision=1|chem.libretexts.org, nuclide chart]])
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textbook/nrctextbook/chapter2.1745492953.txt.gz · Last modified: 2025-04-24 13:09 by Merja Herzig

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