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textbook:nrctextbook:chapter1 [2025-08-08 15:41]
Merja Herzig 		textbook:nrctextbook:chapter1 [2025-08-28 12:44] (current)
Merja Herzig
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 ===== 1.6. Understanding of the structure of atoms is established ===== ===== 1.6. Understanding of the structure of atoms is established =====
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 +{{:textbook:nrctextbook:ernest_rutherford_at_mcgill_university_in_1905.jpeg?400 |}} 
  
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 In 1911, when examining the passage of alpha radiation through a thin metallic foil, [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter1#ernest_rutherford|Rutherford]] found that most of the [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter5#alpha_particle|alpha particles]] passed through the foil without changing direction. Some of the particles, however, changed direction, a few up to 180 degrees. From this, Rutherford concluded that atoms are mostly sparse, particle-permeable space and they have a small positively charged [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#nucleus|nucleus]] from which the [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter5#alpha_particle|alpha particles]] scatter. From the angle of the scattering alpha particles, he calculated that the diameter of the nucleus is approximately one-hundred-thousandth of the diameter of the whole atom. In 1911, when examining the passage of alpha radiation through a thin metallic foil, [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter1#ernest_rutherford|Rutherford]] found that most of the [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter5#alpha_particle|alpha particles]] passed through the foil without changing direction. Some of the particles, however, changed direction, a few up to 180 degrees. From this, Rutherford concluded that atoms are mostly sparse, particle-permeable space and they have a small positively charged [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#nucleus|nucleus]] from which the [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter5#alpha_particle|alpha particles]] scatter. From the angle of the scattering alpha particles, he calculated that the diameter of the nucleus is approximately one-hundred-thousandth of the diameter of the whole atom.
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 +**Ernest Rutherford at McGill University** (via Wikimedia Commons [[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ernest_Rutherford_at_McGill_University_in_1905.jpg|Ernest Rutherford at McGill University]])
  
-{{:textbook:nrctextbook:ernest_rutherford_at_mcgill_university_in_1905.jpeg?400 |}} 
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-**Ernest Rutherford at McGill University** 
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-(via Wikimedia Commons [[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ernest_Rutherford_at_McGill_University_in_1905.jpg|Ernest Rutherford at McGill University]]) 
  
 {{anchor:bohr}} {{anchor:bohr}}
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 +{{ :textbook:nrctextbook:3522995777_70c3e6666e_o.jpg?400|}}
 The first particle [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter16|accelerators]] were developed during the 1930s and in 1932 the first accelerated particle(proton)-induced [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter15|nuclear reaction]], $^1\text{H} + ^7\text{Li} \rightarrow 2 \, ^4\text{He}$, was accomplished. Also in 1932, the husband and wife team, Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie, accomplished creating the first [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter4#artificial_radionuclides|artificial radioactive nucleus]] by bombarding boron, aluminum, and magnesium with [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter5#alpha_particle|alpha particles]]. Bombarding aluminum produced <sup>30</sup>P, which [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter5|decayed]] by [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter5#positron_decay|positron emission]] with a 10 minute [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter6#half_life|half-life]]. [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter5#positron|Positrons]], particles with the same mass as an [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#electron|electron]] but an opposite charge, were identified two years earlier. The first particle [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter16|accelerators]] were developed during the 1930s and in 1932 the first accelerated particle(proton)-induced [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter15|nuclear reaction]], $^1\text{H} + ^7\text{Li} \rightarrow 2 \, ^4\text{He}$, was accomplished. Also in 1932, the husband and wife team, Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie, accomplished creating the first [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter4#artificial_radionuclides|artificial radioactive nucleus]] by bombarding boron, aluminum, and magnesium with [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter5#alpha_particle|alpha particles]]. Bombarding aluminum produced <sup>30</sup>P, which [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter5|decayed]] by [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter5#positron_decay|positron emission]] with a 10 minute [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter6#half_life|half-life]]. [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter5#positron|Positrons]], particles with the same mass as an [[textbook:nrctextbook:chapter2#electron|electron]] but an opposite charge, were identified two years earlier.
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-{{ :textbook:nrctextbook:3522995777_70c3e6666e_o.jpg?400|}} +**Ernest O. Lawrence at the controls of  
-**Ernest O. Lawrence at the controls of the 37-inch cyclotron circa 1938**+the 37-inch cyclotron circa 1938** 
 ([[https://www.flickr.com/photos/berkeleylab/3522995777|photos Berkeley Lab]]) ([[https://www.flickr.com/photos/berkeleylab/3522995777|photos Berkeley Lab]])
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 +{{:textbook:nrctextbook:wilson_cloud_chamber_at_aec_s_brookhaven_national_laboratory.jpg?400 |}}
 +Wilson Cloud Chamber at AEC's Brookhaven National Laboratory circa 1955 ([[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Wilson_Cloud_Chamber_at_AEC%27s_Brookhaven_National_Laboratory.jpg|ENERGY.GOV, Public domain, Wikimedia Commons]])
  
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textbook/nrctextbook/chapter1.1754660468.txt.gz · Last modified: 2025-08-08 15:41 by Merja Herzig

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